The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

This study is in relation to:  Additions to the book of Daniel

First let’s get a little history on what the Thirty-Nine Articles are & how they came to be.

Prior to King Henry’s death in 1547, several statements of position were issued.

The first attempt was the Ten Articles in 1536, which showed some slightly Protestant leanings—the result of an English desire for a political alliance with the German Lutheran princes.

Ten Articles (1536)

The Ten Articles were published in 1536 by Thomas Cranmer.

They were the first guidelines of the Church of England as it became independent of Rome.

In summary, the Ten Articles asserted:

1. The binding authority of the Bible, the three œcumenical creeds, and the first four œcumenical councils
2. The necessity of baptism for salvation, even in the case of infants (Art. II. says that ‘infants ought to be baptized;’ that, dying in infancy, they ‘shall undoubtedly be saved thereby, and else not;’ that the opinions of Anabaptists and Pelagians are ‘detestable heresies, and utterly to be condemned.’)
3. The sacrament of penance, with confession and absolution, which are declared ‘expedient and necessary’
4. The substantial, real, corporal presence of Christ’s body and blood under the form of bread and wine in the eucharist
5. Justification by faith, joined with charity and obedience
6. The use of images in churches
7. The honoring of saints and the Virgin Mary
8. The invocation of saints
9. The observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable, such as clerical vestments, sprinkling of holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash Wednesday
10. The doctrine of purgatory, and prayers for the dead in purgatory (made purgatory a non-essential doctrine)

The emerging doctrines of the autonomous Church of England were followed by further explication in The Institution of the Christian Man (also called the Bishop’s Book).

 

The next revision was the Six Articles in 1539 which swung away from all reformed positions:

Six Articles (1539)

One of the final drafts of the Six articles (1539), amended in King Henry VIII’s own hand

In 1538 three German theologians – Francis Burkhardt, vice-chancellor of Saxony;

George von Boyneburg, doctor of law; and Friedrich Myconius, superintendent of the church of Gotha –

were sent to London and held conferences with the Anglican bishops and clergy in the archbishop’s palace at Lambeth for several months.

The Germans presented, as a basis of agreement, a number of Articles based on the Lutheran Confession of Augsburg.

Bishops Tunstall, Stokesley and others were not won over by these Protestant arguments and did everything they could to avoid agreement.

They were willing to separate from Rome, but their plan was to unite with the Greek Church and not with

the evangelical Protestants on the continent.

The bishops also refused to eliminate what the Germans called the “Abuses”

(e.g. private Masses, celibacy of the clergy, invocation of saints) allowed by the Anglican Church.

Stokesley considered these customs to be essential because the Greek Church practised them.

In opposition, Cranmer favoured a union with German Protestants.

The king, unwilling to break with Catholic practices, dissolved the conference.

Henry had felt uneasy about the appearance of the Lutheran doctors and their theology within his kingdom.

On 28 April 1539 Parliament met for the first time in three years.

On 5 May, the House of Lords created a committee with the customary religious balance to examine and determine doctrine.

Eleven days later, the Duke of Norfolk noted that the committee had not agreed on anything and proposed that the

Lords examine six doctrinal questions which eventually became the basis of the Six Articles.

The articles reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine on key issues:

1. transubstantiation,
2. the reasonableness of withholding of the cup from the laity during communion,
3. clerical celibacy,
4. observance of vows of chastity,
5. permission for private masses,
6. the importance of auricular confession.

Penalties under the Act, “the whip with six strings”, ranged from imprisonment and fine to death.

However, its severity was reduced by an act of 1540, which retained the death penalty only for denial of transubstantiation,

and a further act limited its arbitrariness.

The Catholic emphasis of the doctrine commended in the articles is not matched by the ecclesiastical reforms Henry undertook in the following years, such as the enforcement of the necessity of the English Bible and the insistence upon the abolition of all shrines, both in 1541.

As the Act of the Six Articles neared passage in Parliament, Cranmer moved his wife and children out of England to safety.

Up to then the family was kept quietly hidden, most likely in Ford Palace in Kent.

The Act passed Parliament at the end of June; subsequently bishops Latimer and Nicholas Shaxton, outspoken opponents of the measure, resign their dioceses.

 

Now came the King’s Book which re-established almost in full the earlier Catholic doctrines.

King’s Book (1543)

The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christian Man, also known as the King’s Book,

was published in 1543, and attributed to Henry VIII.

It was a revision of The Institution of the Christian Man, and defended transubstantiation and the Six Articles.

It also encouraged preaching and attacked the use of images.

After Henry’s death the articles were repealed by his son, Edward VI.

During the reign of Edward VI in 1552, the Forty-Two Articles were written under the direction in 1543 of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer.

It was in this document that Calvinist thought reached the zenith of its influence in the English Church.

Forty-Two Articles (1552)

Thomas Cranmer, principal author of the Forty-Two Articles.

The Forty-Two Articles were intended to summarise Anglican doctrine,

as it now existed under the reign of Edward VI, who favoured a more Protestant faith.

Largely the work of Thomas Cranmer, they were to be short formularies that would demonstrate

the faith revealed in Scripture and the existing Catholic creeds.

Completed in 1552, they were issued by Royal Mandate on 19 June 1553.

The articles were claimed to have received the authority of a Convocation, although this is doubtful.

With the coronation of Queen Mary I and the reunion of the Church of England with the

Roman Catholic Church, the Articles were never enforced.

However, after Mary’s death, they became the basis of the Thirty-Nine Articles.

In 1563, Convocation met under Archbishop Parker to revise the articles.

Convocation passed only 39 of the 42, and Elizabeth I reduced the number to 38 by throwing out

Article XXIX to avoid offending her subjects with Catholic leanings.

In 1571, the XXIXth Article, despite the opposition of Bishop Edmund Guest, was inserted, to the

effect that the wicked do not eat the Body of Christ.

This was done following the queen’s excommunication by the Pope in 1570.

That act destroyed any hope of reconciliation with Rome and it was no longer necessary

to fear that Article XXIX would offend Catholic sensibilities.

The Articles, increased to Thirty-nine, were ratified by the Queen,

and the bishops and clergy were required to assent.

These articles were never put into action, due to the king’s death and the reunion of the English Church with Rome under Queen Mary I.

Finally, upon the coronation of Elizabeth I and the re-establishment of the separate Church of England the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established by a Convocation of the Church in 1563, under the direction of Matthew Parker, the then Archbishop of Canterbury, which pulled back from some of the more extreme Calvinist thinking and created the peculiar English reformed doctrine.

The articles, finalised in 1571, were to have a lasting effect on religion in the United Kingdom and elsewhere through their incorporation into and propagation through the Book of Common Prayer.

Thirty-Nine Articles (1563)

The Thirty-Nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith,

but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Roman Catholic Church and dissident Protestants.

The Articles argue against some Anabaptist positions such as the holding of goods in common and the necessity of believer’s baptism.

The motivation for their production and enactment was the absence of a general consensus on matters of faith following the separation with Rome. There was a concern that dissenters who wanted the reforms to go much further (for example, to abolish hierarchies of bishops) would increase in influence.

Wishing to pursue Elizabeth I’s agenda of establishing a national church that would maintain the indigenous apostolic faith and incorporate some of the insights of Protestantism, the Articles were intended to incorporate a balance of theology and doctrine.

This allowed them to appeal to the broadest domestic opinion, Catholic and otherwise.

In this sense, the Articles are a revealing window into the ethos and character of Anglicanism, in particular in the way the document works to navigate a via media, or “middle path,” between the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and of the English Puritans, thus lending the Church of England a mainstream Reformed air.

The “via media” was expressed so adroitly in the Articles that some Anglican scholars have labeled their content as an early example of the idea that the doctrine of Anglicanism is one of “Reformed Catholicism”.

The Articles highlight the Anglican positions with regard to the corruption of Catholic doctrine in the Middle Ages,

to orthodox Roman Catholic teachings, to Puritanism, and to Anabaptist thought.

They are divided, in compliance with the command of Queen Elizabeth I, into four sections:

• Articles 1–8, “The Catholic Faith”

Articles 9–18, “Personal ReligionArticles I–VIII: The Catholic faith: The first five articles articulate the Catholic credal statements concerning the nature of God, manifest in the Holy Trinity. Articles VI and VII deal with scripture, while Article VIII discusses the essential creeds.”

• Articles 9–18, “Personal Religion”

Articles IX—XVIII: Personal religion: These articles dwell on the topics of sin, justification, and the eternal disposition of the soul. Of particular focus is the major Reformation topic of justification by faith. The Articles in this section and in the section on the Church plant Anglicanism in the via media of the debate, portraying an Economy of Salvation where good works are an outgrowth of faith and there is a role for the Church and for the sacraments.

Articles 19–31, “Corporate Religion”

Articles XIX–XXXI: Corporate religion: This section focuses on the expression of faith in the public venue – the institutional church, the councils of the church, worship, ministry, and sacramental theology.

• and Articles 32–39, “Miscellaneous.”

Articles XXXII—XXXIX: Miscellaneous: These articles concern clerical celibacy, excommunication, traditions of the Church, and other issues not covered elsewhere. Article XXXVII additionally states among other things that the Bishop of Rome had no jurisdiction in the realm of England.

The articles were issued both in English and in Latin, and both are of equal authority.

In 1628 Charles I of England prefixed a royal declaration to the articles, which demands a literal interpretation of them, threatening discipline for academics or churchmen teaching any personal interpretations or encouraging debate about them.

It states:

“no man hereafter shall either print or preach, to draw the Article aside any way, but shall submit to it in the plain and Full meaning thereof: and shall not put his own sense or comment to be the meaning of the Article, but shall take it in the literal and grammatical sense.”

However, what the Articles truly mean has been a matter of debate in the Church since before they were issued.

The evangelical wing of the Church has taken the Articles at face value.

In 2003, evangelical Anglican clergyman Chris Pierce wrote:

“The Thirty-Nine Articles define the biblically derived summations of precise Christian doctrine. The Thirty-Nine Articles are more than minimally assented to; they are believed wholeheartedly. In earlier times English and Irish evangelicals would have read Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, Ussher, and Ryle and would unreservedly agree with Dean Litton’s assessment that (quoted by Dean Paul Zahl, in his work ‘The Protestant Face of Anglicanism’), ‘The Anglican Church, if she is to be judged by the statements of the Articles, must be ranked among the Protestant Churches of Europe.’”

This view has never been held by the whole church.

In 1643, Archbishop of Armagh, John Bramhall, laid out the core argument against the Articles:

“Some of them are the very same that are contained in the Creed; some others of them are practical truths, which come not within the proper list of points or articles to be believed; lastly, some of them are pious opinions or inferior truths, which are proposed by the Church of England to all her sons, as not to be opposed; not as essentials of Faith necessary to be believed by all Christians necessitate medii, under pain of damnation.”

This divergence of opinion became overt during the Oxford Movement of the 19th century. The stipulations of Articles XXV and XXVIII were regularly invoked by evangelicals to oppose the reintroduction of certain beliefs, customs, and acts of piety with respect to the sacraments. In response, Cardinal John Henry Newman’s Tract 90 attempted to show that the Articles could be interpreted in a way less hostile to Roman Catholic doctrine.

 

Authorship

The list of the 46 divines as they appear in the Bishop’s Book included all of the bishops, eight archdeacons and 17 other Doctors of Divinity, some of whom were later involved with translating the Bible and compiling the Prayer Book:

Thomas Cranmer – Edward Lee – John Stokesley – Cuthbert Tunstall – Stephen Gardiner – Robert Aldrich – John Voysey – John Longland – John Clerk – Royland Lee – Thomas Goodrich – Nicholas Shaxton – John Bird – Edward Foxe – Hugh Latimer – John Hilsey – Richard Sampson – William Repps – William Barlowe – Robert Partew – Robert Holgate – Richard Wolman – William Knight – John Bell – Edmond Bonner – William Skip – Nicholas Heath – Cuthbert Marshal – Richard Curren – William Cliffe – William Downes – Robert Oking – Ralph Bradford – Richard Smyth – Simon Matthew – John Pryn – William Buckmaster – William May – Nicholas Wotton – Richard Cox – John Edmunds – Thomas Robertson – John Baker – Thomas Barett – John Hase – John Tyson

 

with an introduction by Diarmaid MacCulloch. (1999) [1662].

The Book of Common Prayer. London: Everyman’s Library. ISBN 1-85715-241-7.